public ConcurrentHashMap() {
        this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
    }

    public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
                             float loadFactor, int
                             concurrencyLevel) {

        if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();

        if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
            concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;

        // Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
        int sshift = 0;
        int ssize = 1;
        while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
            ++sshift;
            ssize <<= 1;
        }
        this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
        this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
        if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
            ++c;
        int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
        while (cap < c)
            cap <<= 1;

        // create segments and segments[0]
        Segment<K,V> s0 =
            new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
                             (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
        Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
        UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
        this.segments = ss;
    }

    public V put(K key, V value) {

        Segment<K,V> s;

        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();

        int hash = hash(key);
        // j表示segment的偏移索引
        int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
        // 根据j获取对应的segment，UNSAFE工具类用于保证并发性
        // 第一次判断seg是否为空
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject          // nonvolatile; recheck
             (segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) //  in ensureSegment
            s = ensureSegment(j);
        // segment中存储键值对
        return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
    }

    private Segment<K,V> ensureSegment(int k) {
        final Segment<K,V>[] ss = this.segments;
        long u = (k << SSHIFT) + SBASE; // raw offset
        Segment<K,V> seg;
        // 第二次判断seg是否为空
        if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u)) == null) {
            Segment<K,V> proto = ss[0]; // use segment 0 as prototype
            int cap = proto.table.length;
            float lf = proto.loadFactor;
            int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
            HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap];
            // 第三次判断seg是否为空
            if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
                == null) { // recheck
                Segment<K,V> s = new Segment<K,V>(lf, threshold, tab);
                // 第四次判断seg是否为空
                while ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
                       == null) {
                    // CAS 加锁操作
                    if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(ss, u, null, seg = s))
                        break;
                }
            }
        }
        return seg;
    }

    如果tryLock获取锁失败，说明锁被其它线程占用，此时通过循环再次以tryLock的方式申请锁。如果在循环过程中该Key所对应的链表头被修改，则重置retry次数。如果retry次数超过一定值，则使用lock方法申请锁。

    final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
            // 核心，tryLock()尝试加锁
            // scanAndLockForPut(...)不断尝试加锁
            HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
                scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);

            V oldValue;
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
                int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
                HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
                for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
                    // 键值对如果存在
                    if (e != null) {
                        K k;
                        if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                            (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                            oldValue = e.value;
                            if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                                e.value = value;
                                ++modCount;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        e = e.next;
                    }
                    // 键值对不存在
                    else {
                        if (node != null)
                            node.setNext(first);
                        else
                            node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
                        int c = count + 1;
                        if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                            // 扩容操作
                            rehash(node);
                        else
                            // 添加node到tab相应的位置上中
                            setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
                        ++modCount;
                        count = c;
                        oldValue = null;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }

            return oldValue;
        }

    public V get(Object key) {
        Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
        int h = hash(key);
        long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
            (tab = s.table) != null) {
            for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
                     (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
                 e != null; e = e.next) {
                K k;
                if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
                    return e.value;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    public V remove(Object key) {
        int hash = hash(key);
        Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
        return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
    }